Is money a motivator Essay

Question 1 In the business environment people are constantly motivated to perform tasks to get to a desired outcome. When we look at the motivational theory of Maslow we can clearly establish that our needs depend on what we already have. His hierarchy show the most basic needs of individuals to the self-actualisation witch lies at the top being the best you can be. The most basic needs on the needs hierarchy had to be satisfied before the next level of needs emerge. Hertzberg theory lays out the difference between the motivational factors for example achievement and responsibility to the hygiene factors at the work place. The hygiene factors only play a role when they are not present in the working environment. If for example you have bad interpersonal relationships with your fellow employees or a bad salary, if the organisation provides these factors there will not be any dissatisfaction but they don’t contribute to an employee motivation. But what really motivates us to perform these tasks. We are not as endlessly manipulative and predictable as we think. In general when you reward something you will get more of the behaviour you want and when you punish something you will get less of the desired behaviour. Almost everyone when they were little would perform a simple task if their parents would give them a monetary reward, for example if you wash the car we will give you ten rand. In this case money acts as the motivator to complete the basic task. This is an example of the expectancy theory if you do the task you get the reward. This theory will always apply to basic mechanical task. When the task is more difficult or a rudimental cognitive skill is needed to complete a task money seems to fail as a motivator according to a study done at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). When creative thinking and high level of skill and knowledge is required to complete difficult tasks money will fail over and over again as a motivator. As a fact the higher the rewards or incentives lead to poor performance. This is actually quite the opposite of what we expected. Money is a motivator at work that is a fact  but it does not add value to the job. In conclusion, we strongly believe that money is indeed the biggest motivator  in the workplace. Based on the points and statements above, we can clearly see that money is indeed the important factor that motivates people at the workplace. Money is regarded as a very high reward for the individuals that have worked hard for it. It is also regarded as the highest form of reward for employees. The higher the pay grade, the higher the recognition they receive from their employers as well as from the working mates. Finally, we conclude that money is indeed the most important factor that motivates individuals at the work place. http://www.forbes.com/2010/04/06/money-motivation-pay-leadership-managing-employees.html http://writefix.com/?page_id=1799 http://www.custom-essays.org/samples/Is_money_an_effective_motivator_at_work.html http://www.ukessays.com/essays/commerce/money-is-the-biggest-motivator-commerce-essay.php http://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/15346.html http://www.studymode.com/essays/Money-Motivation-1574966.html

Pedestrian Essay

Pedestrian Task: Unusual setting, interesting characterisation, vivid description, throughout-provoking themes show in detail how each of these aspects contributes to your understanding of â€Å"The Pedestrian† By Roy Bradbury. In the story â€Å"The pedestrian†, Bradbury uses unusual setting, interesting characterisation, vivid description and throughout-provoking themes, to capture the reader and presenting an interesting insight on a future society. Throughout the story, Bradbury introduces characters in a specific strange setting through imaginary techniques such as: simile, metaphor and personality.This essay targets to analyse how Bradbury’s choice of setting, characters, themes and his vivid descriptions help us to picture/understand the story. Plot outline â€Å"The Pedestrian† by Ray Bradbury, pictures a story of a lone man in an empty city were streets have been abandoned, at 8’oclok on a November evening. The story imagines how technology has affected society in the future. The story is set in 2052 on a November dark evening in a city of 3 million people. The main character Leonard Mead is made out to be a loner when in actual fact he’s a normal one, that gets accused for being a strange person.The city is taken over by technology however Mr Leonard is different. Mini essay. In â€Å"The Pedestrian† Ray Bradbury presents a unusual setting with an abundance of great imaginary writing and interesting description’s which gives us the upper hand to imagine it our own way and this is what Bradbury is trying to achieve: â€Å"And on his way he would see the cottages and houses with their dark windows† This is strange as its only 8pm and people should at least have the lights on if there not out or walking about the house.This helps me understand that Bradbury wanted to hint over a strange city. He also compares the city to a desert: â€Å"He could imagine himself upon the centre of a plain Ari zonian desert with no house within a thousand miles†. This is especially strange as it’s a city of 3 million. This helps me to picture what Bradbury is trying to set across. Invisible â€Å"people are there but not really there â€Å"Bradbury means by this that people are there but not as if would be in 2012 there hypnotised and as if drugged by TV etc.This helps us understand and picture what life must be like. Appealing characterisation is another key point Bradbury’s â€Å"The Pedestrian† The pedestrian sisplays this appealing characterisation on the form of Bradbury’s description of his main character as a loner and a strange man while presenting other society as â€Å"Ghosts†, hypnotised by technology. Plus he presented the car as evil, threatening and suspicious. Leonard Mead is categorised as a ‘lone’, â€Å"In ten years of walking, by night or day for thousands of miles.He had never met another person walking, not on i n all time. † This indicates he’s the only person that walks.. â€Å"There was a good crystal frost like invisible snow†. He enjoys the cold weather. The word good indicates he enjoys it. â€Å"The light held him fired, like a small specimen needle thrust through his chest. † This simile implies there’s light, other mankind out the house. â€Å"What is it now? † he asked horses . He hates the way other beings are brainwashed by Tv around the city except him. Other people are described as ‘phantoms’ as they are practically lifeless.

Individual written assignmnet 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Individual written assignmnet 4 - Assignment Example This prompted me to attend the game early to cofirm whether an arrangement could be done to enable me attend the match. Exactly what did you and the employee(s) say and do? I visited the Old Trafford ticket office near the stadium. They requested me to provide them with the serial number of my ticket or wait for someone for the real tickets to pass-by. They obtained a copy of my license and cross-checked my payment status over the internet. After confirming that all the information I provided was accurate, they let me enter the stadium and provided me with the fan-shirts and bands with a guarantee that non one is going to bother me over tickets issue. Describe and analyse the physical location, surroundings, decor, and general atmosphere of the outlet where the encounter took place: The employees were generally friendly, with constant assurance that the service that I was requesting will be granted so long as the information that I provided is accurate and genuine. The office is loca ted inside the stadium, with the interior appearance designed to represent football mood. What could you and/or the employee(s) have done to increase the level of satisfaction? What improvements need to be made to this Service Encounter? The process should have been made more quickly and directly checking my details online, instead of first checking my licence. How likely is it that you will return to this Service Provider? Extremely Unlikely... ...Extremely Likely 1? 2? 3? 4? Identify and closely apply three (3) marketing models, theories, or concepts (or ‘parts of’ models, theories or concepts) that we have studied which are appropriate to this Service Encounter: Application of marketing theory; the staff at the booking office engages weighty and collaborative decision-making process in finding the solution for the absence of the entry tickets for a pre-paid customer. The Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs is also applicable because the staff ensured that I got the se rvices I required instead of making me go back and pick my ticket. How would you rate your level of satisfaction with this encounter? Select a number corresponding to your feelings for each section Terrible... ...Delighted 1 2 3 4 5 Surroundings X Decor X Interaction with Staff X Staff Knowledge X Overall X Service Encounter 2 Name of Service Provider (company, organisation institution): Crunchy British Grill Type of Service (Profit, not-for-profit, public service, routine, rare): Restaurant Date, time, length, and precise location of Service Encounter: October 10, 2005 at 7.00 PM Exactly what did you and the employee(s) say and do? Some friends and I decided to visit the restaurant for dinner since we were celebrating my cousin’s birthday. Crunchy British Grill was our favourite restaurant due to the famous dishes offered at a fair price. Its location is also favourable since our neighbourhood is close to Manchester where the restaurant is located. Situating the party in the restaurant enabled us to gauge the environment around the hotel with that of the Shaw green neighbourhood that lived since our childhood. Describe and analyse the physical location, surroundings, decor, and general atmosphere of the outlet where the encounter took place: We arrived at the restaurant at 6.00PM on October 10, 2005 and had to wait for two hours before being

Thomas Stonewall Jackson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Thomas Stonewall Jackson - Essay Example While he did not excel, he worked hard to complete his training and successfully graduated in 1846. His final grade placed him 17th among his class of 59 students, (Cooke, 1866) an indication of the potential that he was later to unlock. Following his graduation, Jackson transferred to Mexico where he received military training and served for five years. Within this time the Mexican war broke out, and he earned two brevets for his role in the war. In February 1852, he resigned from his designation in Army and accepted professorship at Virginia Military Institute. Soon he was recognized as a professor of artillery tactics and natural philosophy at Virginia Military Institute in Lexington. He had a significant role in the Civil War, commanding the confederation army, and fought in a number of important battles such as the battle of Chancellorsville. Jackson lost an arm as a consequence of this battle, and while he survived the amputation, complications brought on by pneumonia meant tha t he died eight days later. Thomas Jackson married twice in his life, first to Elinor Junkin and later to Mary Anna Morrison. He married Elinor Junkin in 1853 but she didn’t survive after giving a stillbirth and died due to postpartum hemorrhage on October 22, 1854, after just one year of marriage. Thomas Jackson married again in 1857 with Mary Anna and had two daughters, of these one survived, she was named Julia Laura. MILITARY CAREER Jackson is considered by many Military Historians to be the ‘most blessed’ tactical commander. He started his military career as a Second Lieutenant in United States Army in the artillery regiment. Due to his excellent commanding personality and strong decisive powers, he was sent on Mexican War for two years where he served at different battles like Chapultepec, Contreras and Mexico City. As a consequence of the battles he fought and his determination he earned two brevets and was promoted as First Lieutenant. During war in Mexic o, he met Robert Lee for the first time, this relationship would prove to be highly influential (Doak, 2005). One of Jackson’s key leadership traits was the ability to show strong decisive power, choosing a course and sticking to it, despite opposition. An example of this was during the battle at Chapultepec, where Jackson refused to obey orders which he considered to be wrong. He later argued that his denial was justified, as he considered the withdrawal of the army would do more harm than good under the circumstances surrounding that battle. However, he learned later in his career to follow instructions of those senior to him even when he knew that the decisions that they made were incorrect. It was this aggressive attitude that earned him his second brevet, and his subsequent promotion to Major. He was the only army officer to receive two promotions during the three year Mexico War. Jackson was complimented with a nickname†Stonewall† during first battle of Bull Run. Jackson resigned from his army service in February 1852 to follow up with his professorship. JACKSON AS A PROFESSOR After retiring from the Army, Jackson accepted a new career as a professor at Virginia Military Institute and taught Experimental Philosophy and was an Instructor of Artillery. The ideas and theories that he presented were unusual and many are still in use today. Many of his concepts are considered to be military

Geology of China Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Geology of China - Assignment Example The Rift Valley system starts in East Africa, from the Gulf of Aden and ends in Malawi. However, it is seismically vigorous beyond Malawi. The Rift began in the north at the commencement of Tertiary and progressed to the south with time. Therefore, it has its beginning in the far-off hot position as an enormous domal upgrade (Afro-Arabian Dome) covering over 1000 km in width. The oceanic cracks in the Red Sea meet with those in the Indian Ocean. Rift System constitutes the third wing, a compound attribute with two major Rift branches, a Western and an Eastern Rifts. The Eastern Rift has a wide range of volcanoes from Suswa up to Turkana. Subsequent hot spot embodied by the Kenya domal elevation forms the base of the Rift that is elliptical in design and approximately 1000 km broad. It has three Rift wings, two of them establish the main cleft; the third (Kavirondo) suppresses the trending west from the central point of the dome. To the north, around Lake Turkana precincts sedimentation subjugates volcanic production. Consequently, Prospecting for petroleum and gas within a sedimentary block of the floor are starting to occur. The Western split of deep lakes and a small number of volcanoes, changes the course of the eastern border of the Kenyan field: Uganda to Tanzania and progressing south to Malawi. The base of that Rift contains sediments (containing hydrocarbons) that are longer in shape, and occupying a sink of 4.5 km in height, but volcanism is secondary. Apart from that, it hosts Africa’s major active volcanoes around Virunga Mountains. The Rift Valley is a structure of faults edging at 40-60 km wide through, opening outwards in the north region. The Kenyan Rift changes direction and splays towards the north and south Tanzania. Domal improvement and proliferation leads to a fracture in the brittle crust. Subsequently, an array of typical faults resulted in the classic Horst structure of the

Explain the process of market segmentation. Why is it thought Essay - 1

Explain the process of market segmentation. Why is it thought necessary for a firm to target specific segments of the market - Essay Example In this era, there is no such thing as a standardized product which is suitable for use by all people. Hence, no firm seeks to target the whole market at large and it is highly difficult to target a large potential market with the same product and the same marketing strategies. No products except maybe staple foods such as fruits, vegetables, bread, butter, and other important dietary supplements are aimed at targeting the whole population of consumers and are standardized products. All other products or services are differentiated and conformed to the needs and wants of various target groups (Greenberg and McDonald, 1989, pp. 95-96). Differentiation refers to adapting the characteristics and marketing of your product/service to fulfill the needs and wants of a particular target market. In order to select the target market for product/ service, a firm must indulge in the process of market segmentation (Greenberg and Mcdonald, 1989, pp. 110-112). Market segmentation is the process of dividing the larger potential market into smaller groups according to similar characteristics. The segmentation can be upon the basis of several variables depending upon the product/service the business is offering and how it plans to target its potential audience. Several advantages of market segmentation enable a business to perform more efficiently and make the business’s selling/ marketing strategies more effective. The first advantage of market segmentation is that segmenting the potential market allows the business to be more focused upon a certain group of customers. This prevents duplication of resources and enables the business to directly target the segment that is more likely to be interested in their product/service offering rather than wasting time and resources upon targeting a massive market that may not be interested in the product/service at all (Yankelovich, 1964, pg. 75-77). Market segmentation allows the business to see the

Community Oriented and Problem Oriented Policing Term Paper

Community Oriented and Problem Oriented Policing - Term Paper Example The police department must relate well with the community in order for COP to work. COP involves a firm commitment to necessities and values of the citizen input (1). Problem Oriented Policing (POP) is a policing approach where discrete police business pieces are subjected to microscopic examination hoping that what has been freshly learnt concerning each problem will result in the discovery of more effective strategies for dealing with them. POP values new responses, which are naturally preventive, that are independent of the criminal justice system. It also values the engagement of other public agencies, the private sector and community when their engagement has significant potentials of reducing the problem. Its commitment is related to the implementation of new strategies, full evaluation of its effectiveness, and then reporting the results to other police agencies, in a way that is beneficial to them. As well as help in building of a knowledge body that further supports police p rofessionalization (2). COP has three key components: community partnership, organizational transformation and problem solving. Comparisons between Community Policing and Problem Oriented Policies Historically, COP and POP were considered to be similar. In as much as they overlap in practice and philosophy, they also differ in the way they are performed in problem solving. First, the primary emphasis of community oriented policing is community engagement in the process of policing while in POP, solving problems within the police mandate. Community and police always collaborate in COP, while in POP collaboration is determined based on the prevailing situation; problem by problem. In problem analysis, POP gives first priority to thorough analysis which is only encouraged which is less significant to community collaboration in COP. Enforcement of criminal law is also preferred in POP, while COP prefers responses that collaborate with the community. However, unlike my supervisor, I beli eve that the role of police and community organization and mobilization is only advocated when the problem being addressed is warranted in POP while COP strongly emphasizes the police role. Adoption of the Community Oriented Policing In the late 1960s, there was increased tension between police and communities, especially the communities that were minority. Studies were conducted to determine the problem and it was found that a large number of minority African Americans negatively perceived the police. 3 say that the Michigan movement of 1960 wanted the relationship between police and people much closer. Louis Radelet brought a closer attention to COP so as to solve the problem (4). In 1996, he founded the National Institute on Police and Community Relations, where leaders discussed common problems between themselves. Increasing crime rate and ineffective conventional police methods also triggered the adoption of COP (5). Concerns about riots, racial conflicts, demonstration of civi l rights and political protests confronted the police (5). There was need to research on how such problems could be peacefully solved. There was also increased fear that overwhelmed the public, making them avoid shopping centers, parks, neighborhoods, and public transport (3). According to the research findings and recommendations, it was found that such problems cou

Monetary and fiscal policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Monetary and fiscal policy - Essay Example [1] Fiscal policy is the attempt to influence the level of economic activity through changing taxation and government spending. The fiscal policy helps in fixing aggregate demand through government spending and thus decides the level of economic activity in the country. IS or Investment Saving is a graph showing the balance between investment and savings. When plotted with income on the X axis and interest rate on the Y axis, the graph has a negative slope ie as the income increases, the supply of loanable funds goes down. This is to prevent an imbalance in the economy. The IS/LM model is a macroeconomic tool that demonstrates the relationship between interest rates and real output in the goods and services market and the money market. The intersection of the IS and LM curves is the "General Equilibrium" where there is simultaneous equilibrium in all the markets of the economy[2] There is a classical correlation between the monetary and fiscal policies and IS/LM. When there is a probability of inflation, which is rare in U.K as it has already been set at 2% by the government, the interest rates are increased by the government through the monetary policy. If the interest rates are high, demand slows down and the growth rate of the economy is arrested. If there are chances of a rapid inflation, the government can hike up the taxes that will in turn reduce spending. As a result, aggregate demand will be reduced and inflation will be controlled. Similarly, if there is a threat of recession, the government can reduce taxes and increase government spending. Lower taxes would translate in higher disposable incomes and thus, aggregate demand would increase. An increased demand would combat the recession and bring the economy back on its course. In other words, IS-LM can be said to show the relation between the theory of effective demand and the theory of liquidity preference. If we assume that there are only two

British Airways Flying into a Storm Essay Example for Free

British Airways Flying into a Storm Essay Introduction 3 1. A brand new company management 4 1.1- Major evolutions in the corporate strategy 4 a) Several breaking points in the policy statement 4 b) Actions implemented 5 1.2- A less people-oriented leadership 7 a) Before Ayling: a severe but participative management 7 b) After Aylings coming: a management centred on administrative and financial objectives 7 2. A failure due to the negligence of three key factors: culture, leadership and structure 9 2.1- An unsuitable management to BAs culture and identity 9 2.2- Bob Ayling : an ambitious but self-centred leader 11 2.3- A structure which does not square enough with the company 12 3. What should be Eddingtons main concerns for the future? 14 3.1- Increase the level of service thanks to structure and culture 14 3.2- Maintain and improve internal cohesion through a better communication 15 3.3- Go on improving rentability through organization and new values 15 Conclusion 16 Introduction London, March 2000. The reign of Bob Ayling as chief executive of the airline British Airways (BA) is over. The crisis reflects the economic difficulties the company has been experiencing for the last three years. In order to set the outlines of our study, let us define in a few words BAs field of activity. As airline, BAs basic function is to carry passengers. This is a customer service industry, which implies that BA also supplies in-flight services/products (various cabin classes, meal supplies, entertainment facilities) and out-flight-services (luggage retrieval, e-sale of tickets). This field of activity is characterized by a tough concurrence, a real sensitivity to economic cycles, thin margins available as well as increasingly demanding clients. In such a context, Bob Ayling didnt manage to reach his strategic objectives. As one of Aylings predecessors puts it: the airlines strategy remained the right one but Mr Ayling was the wrong man to execute it. This comes down to say that Ayling did not implement the strategy the right way. To which extent do we agree with this statement? We will first examine the major changes that were operated in BAs strategy with Ayling. Then we will try to understand why he didnt manage to implement completely his strategy and thus why he didnt target his objectives. To end with, we will look into what Rod Eddington should do after Bob Aylings dismissal to implement the strategy of the company. 1. A brand new company management 1.1- Major evolutions in the corporate strategy a) Several breaking points in the policy statement Since Sir John King came over BA in 1981, strategic speeches followed each other, translating the leader priorities in a given environment. Nevertheless, we can easily notice a change in communication of the corporate strategy with Aylings arrival. At the beginning of the 1980s, Lord Kings first preoccupation was to make as long as he could BA a customer service oriented company, with high standards of quality. He had to take the company out of its public sector approach. All along his reign as the companys leader, and later within Lord Marshall too, the policy statement kept a focus on the customers without changing the priorities for 15 years. During Bob Aylings four years mandate as chief executive, yet really shorter than his predecessors, we can distinguish three very different phases in the announced strategic choices. Read more:  Swot Analysis of British Airways His first concern when he came to power in 1996 was to make costs cuts. He introduced the Business Efficiency Programme in 1996, requiring the company to take heavy structural decisions that were -according to him- vital to ensure BA competitiveness for the future. Costs reduction has always been a concern for BAs managers, but to put it on the top of the agenda was a new kind of strategic vision. After that one-year quite painful period, he decided the company had to combine customer service excellence with cost competitiveness, with a target of doubling its operating margin during the next five years. This mix policy included concentrating on four key issues: * Customers, by providing the highest levels of service and innovative products * People, with an ambitious target: becoming the best managed company in the UK * Costs efficiency, by keeping a high level of profitability * New alliances (particularly with American Airlines), by using the potential of a global airline industry. This policy had the disadvantage to divide the attention on several problems in opposition to King and Marshall management that kept focused on one main objective. Soon after, Bob Ayling was confronted to a phenomenon of large strikes, and he decided to put people back on BA top agenda. His predecessors used human resources as a means to achieve their target of a high customer service but Bob Ayling was obliged to take it as a whole stake. Finally, we can observe that Bob Aylings policy statement changed quite often under the pressure of the environment; such a thing had never happened for the 15 years before his arrival. b) Actions implemented Audacious actions to assert BA as a leader Soon after he had been nominated chief executive, Bob Ayling started to implement a large panel of audacious actions to assert BA as a world leader company. First of all, he dared to cut the top executive team from 25 to 14, to improve its efficiency and limit its cost. One of his first concerns was an alliance with American Airlines, to ensure the two companies to control 60 % of flights between the UK and the US, the worlds most lucrative airlines routes. In 1997, he decided to make an identity change because the airline, carrying 60% of foreign passengers, had to show off as a citizen of the world rather than a national company. The challenge of the new visual identity consisted in weakening the British nature of the company and modernising it. He chose 50 ethnic designs from artists across the world. Bob Ayling also decided the acquisition of 43 new aircrafts, as well as the building of a new head office. In 1998, to face the emergence of low costs airlines and the increased competition on short haul routes, Bob Ayling decided to launch Go, its own budget airline. Later in 1999, he innovated again with the concept of the Lounges in the sky, a high-standard new service, and some investment in e-commerce. Whatever are the results, we must concede that Bob Ayling did a lot on a short period to put BA as a world leader. An anticipative approach of cost competitiveness Cost cut is a very unpopular practice. Consequently, managers usually do it only when it becomes an emergency. Bob Ayling did not take it like that. He anticipated the future and he kept an unwavering stance to impose the BEP measures while a record profit was announced for the year: he sold sensible activities, relocated the accounting department He asked for volunteers to leave the firm not because he could not afford to pay them, but to replace them with flexible people having more appropriate skills. At last he decided to concentrate BA strategy on high margins activities, and implemented a rationalisation program, paring down unprofitable routes and cutting excess capacity. This anticipative approach triggered the admiration of financial analysts, but the consequences inside the company were not so positive. A changing concern on HR Unlike his predecessors, he did not invest a lot in human resources programs at the beginning of his mandate as far as he was too much involved in cost competitiveness. Eventually, people were affected by this low concern on them. The consequences were a decrease in the customer service level, and a strong mobilisation for a strike. After those events, Bob Ayling was strained to re-involve the company in people matters. He promoted an intensive drive to lift staff morale, actions to involve people in the company. He even decided, as a pendant to the construction of the head office, to build a hotel in Heathrow just for the staff. Bob Ayling set up many changes in the corporate strategy, but let us now see how his management style was different from his predecessors. 1.2- A less people-oriented leadership a) Before Ayling: a severe but participative management Lord King decided to restart from scratch in 1981, when he became the chief executive of BA, and he transformed the airline with Lord Marshall in fifteen years into one of the best carriers in the world. The two leaders helped their employees to turn the corner of privatisation in 1987; they achieved to manage the change slowly. They started to instil a customer service culture into the staff with two large training programs, and always involved their people in the improvement of the airline. Those participative management methods made people proud to work for BA. Thus, Lord Marshall created a new human resources system, a kind of competency-based management, built on the promotion for the best employees. Therefore, they had a real willing to do always better, and their chief executive progressively replaced the State as a strict but kindly father in their collective mind. Lord King and Lord Marshall always did what they said; they were regarded as strong leaders, but they knew how to inspire the whole staff with confidence and how to command their respect. With that support they could explain that drastic maybe painful measures were the only means to improve BAs results and reputation. b) After Aylings coming: a management centred on administrative and financial objectives Everyone expected Robert Ayling to follow the footsteps of his predecessors. However, just before his taking over as chief executive, he clearly announced he would throw off for all time the attributes and attitudes of public sector. That simple first sentence is the symbol of the big change in BAs management in 1996: Bob Ayling thought that people were ready to accept all the constraints of a private company, in terms of adaptability and competitiveness. First we can notice that Bob Ayling didnt take so many precautions in his declarations: for example he directly announced in September 1996 that BA would replace 5000 employees by new recruits, supposed to be more efficient and flexible. He thought that internal training was not enough; competences were out of the firm. Eventually some people felt afraid by this new vision. Then, Bob Ayling decided an unexpected relooking of the aircrafts. That was an important symbol of what he intended to do: make BA forget its British identity, to become an international carrier. At the same time, one of the parts of Aylings Business Efficiency Plan concerned the freezing of wages. As he took that kind of decisions without consulting the employees and their unions, cabin staff, which had the habit of being well treated, felt deceived and went on strike. During his reign, Bob Ayling was the only leader, he was supposed to have the right solutions, he looked forward and his employees had to follow. He did not listen to them and seemed to believe that nobody could understand his long-term vision anyway. This new leadership did not include the human resources and the culture in the decisions; it was an economic management. These major changes in BAs management had unexpected impacts ; let us explain the reasons of Aylings failure. 2. A failure due to the negligence of three key factors: culture, leadership and structure 2.1- An unsuitable management to BAs culture and identity There is no denying that culture is often neglected in the field of firms and business in general. However, culture has to be considered as a real success key in so far as people need to feel all right and involved to be efficient. If the gap between the firms culture (that is to say employees culture) and the top-managers vision is too deep, it leads to huge damages for either the firm, managers and employees as we are going to discover it in the case of BA. In the mid 1980s, BA was considered as a state-owned company with a dire reputation for customer service. Aylings two predecessors succeeded in turning it into a high-quality and cost-efficient company, voted from 1989 to 1996 worlds best airline in the independent Business Traveller survey (voted airline to be avoided at all costs in 1980). Focusing on marketing and innovation / technology, both King and Marshall still put emphasis on human resources. They took care of people in the first place, involving and training employees (Putting People First and Managing People First), encouraging brains trusts and putting customers first. People were of course aware of that attention and were confident, loyal and devoted. In 1996, Bob Ayling stepped up as chief executive with challenging and radical changes in mind. The sentence mentioned above he pronounced in one of his first speeches meant that the very first thing Ayling did was to attack the firm culture and identity, thus disturbing and chocking people unwillingly. In June 1997, Ayling praised a striking new visual identity supposed to be based on market research but that generated emotionally charged controversy. The change was radical; symbols were simply scrapped (new design, new colours, new motto, denial of the psychological national belonging) as if it was possible to start from scratch with new company identity and culture. As strikes immediately showed it, BAs culture was still one of a public sector company. Instead of trying to negotiate, Ayling harshly condemned strikers without taking in account this public sector company background. In spite of Aylings desire to eradicate Britishness from BA, employees and people in general (customers, the press, Margaret Thatcher) were not ready to accept it. Strikes were also the result of incomprehension from employees: were the new salary scheme (part and parcel of the efforts to reduce area costs) and the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60 million identity change coherent? Was it possible for employees to stay motivated and involved in BA under those conditions? Furthermore, 160 planes stayed with the Union flag instead of the new design in 1999 because BA lacked time to repaint it. The identity change was as a consequence first of all badly accepted and in addition badly implemented. However, Ayling began to understand after the strikes the high necessity of human resources as part of cultural background in a customer-facing business. He launched a campaign to raise staff moral in October 1997 and started to think about focusing on people on the front-line through interviews and speeches praising communication between management and staff. He built a hotel and developed a new concept for BAs headquarter (no permanent desk-space). Again, in 1999, an opinion survey was sent to all employees, results were alarming, and Ayling introduced training and motivational programmes. We can not say if the improvement of BAs results in 1999-2000 was linked to those efforts from Ayling concerning people but there is no denying that it was a little late anyway People had indeed a hard time with him, describing his management as a macho-management thats destroying peoples feeling for the airline, threatening and intimidating. His vision of change was so ambitious (doing better and better, never enough for him) that he broke the firm culture and identity, introducing fear into staffs feelings and breaking confidence that staff had always shown to management, in cutting jobs and financial bonus with no evident reason (for employees) or restructuring top-management. He questioned and modified too much symbols, values, norms, he disturbed employees in destroying their marks. Ayling justified himself in saying that he had a long-term vision and staff a day-to-day one, but he should at least have better explained and communicated around his decisions. It is however striking and surprising to notice that BAs culture and identity was about the same from BAs beginning to the start of Bob Aylings reign. Privatisation, higher competitiveness, globalisation do not seem to have modified anything. This can also explain why the gap between BAs culture and what Ayling wanted was so deep. His new identity implementation may not have been irrelevant but just inadequate. 2.2- Bob Ayling : an ambitious but self-centred leader Lord Marshall explained in March 2000 that the airlines strategy remained the right one but that Mr Ayling was the wrong man to execute it. We are going to study why below. Bob Ayling first dealt with BA in the early 1980s. He began working for the firm in 1985 as legal director, became group managing director in 1993 and chief executive in January 1996. He was well-waited and had a rather good reputation. Following King and Marshall was quite challenging but he seemed to have strengths on his own such as strategic understanding, sharp mind, diplomatic skills or legal training. However, his first official act was to slim down the companys top executive team of 25 to 14. Again, in September 1999 this executive team was reduced from 14 to 6. Those measures were aimed at getting to a degree of unanimity quite fast. It can also be noticed that at the end of Aylings reign, there is no realistic successor to him. Those two facts mean above all in our mind that Ayling can be considered as a narcissistic and authoritarian leader who wants to keep as much power and decisions liberty as possible. It seems that he does and decides what he wants to without really thinking of all it involves and implies. As a consequence, he needs to change his mind often, and he forgets to focus on important things, he is distracted from the real job of keeping passengers on seats (his attention is for example consumed by trips between the UK, Europe and America to settle an alliance with American Airlines) which is not a good thing at all for his credibility. His credibility seems also to be affected by the gap between his speeches and his actions. He described for example his second objective for BA as improving customer service in a more demanding environment. Few months after this announcement, the Marketplace Performance Unit (responsible for generating information on customer preferences and perceptions) was scrapped. In 1997, a task group was created and responsible for missions including that of getting the basics of customer service right; but basics are supposed to be mastered if customer service belongs to the four main objectives specified one year ago. The same illogical thing can be noticed concerning putting people first or not. Ayling pretends to put people first and a little bit later states he is going to put people first now. His credibility can also be damaged when he promises staff, concerning the value of their BAs share, we are never going back to that price again and when three months later the share loses 14p. He should not make promises on something he does not master. A leader needs of course to make decisions but needs also to listen to people and especially staff. Ayling thinks he takes employees in account in building a new hotel, create an open concept in the new headquarter but is it really what employees want and need? Several opinion surveys are mentioned but analysis or corrective measures do not seem to be done and taken, which means that those surveys did not match their targets and resulted in losing time, money, frustrating staff and enabling managers to have good conscience. Ayling also wants people to do exactly what he wants them to: People have got to be theyve got to do. Often worn thin, revealing an intensely ambitious and stubborn individual who is only happy when he gets his way. He is excessively exigent maybe with himself but also with others, he seems to be never satisfied and demands a constant improvement. Even when a good news is announced (BA: second most admired company in Europe according to the Financial Time for example), Aylings ambition looms (he asks on the same days 5000 volunteers to leave the company), which reveals a huge lack of diplomatic skills. As a conclusion, we could say that Bob Ayling did not take enough people in account and that his vision was blurred by his ambition. 2.3- A structure which does not square enough with the company Firstly, actions on BAs structure did not correspond to Aylings strategy. Indeed, the second objective of Ayling for building on BAs existing success was to improve customer service. However, his actions on the structure did not match with this objective. For example, Ayling sold BAs in-flight catering operations, BAs ground fleet services, which were both significant aspects of BA customer service. By selling them, Ayling loosed any possibility of controlling the quality of this customer services. It was only after the strike of June 1997 that Ayling decided to set up a task force to ensure the airline gets the basics of customer service right. The words used clearly reflect a discrepancy with the initial objective. Thus, it appears that the structure did not emphasis enough the necessary development of customer service. Secondly, BAs structure did not favour employees effectiveness and involvement. As we already pointed it, BAs staff morale was at a time low. Employees needed to be motivated, to identify themselves to the company. The typically centralized structure of BA (the tasks of BAs board were not divided into many units) did not foster employees motivation and employees feeling of identification to the firm. Consequently, the structure did not seem adapted to BAs culture. In the same way, the centralized structure of BA did not square with environment and activitys field: environment is characterized with an extreme sensitivity of airlines to economic cycles, which requires the necessity of reducing any risks the company could run, as well as a certain reactivity of the companies of this field. More and more demanding clients characterize the field of activity, what requires a non-negligible adaptability of the company to the market. In that context, BAs centralized structure did not facilitate the reduction of risks (compared to a more decentralized structure) and did not enable a great adaptability to the market. For these reasons, the structure did not match with the environment. Having analysed the reasons of Aylings management failure, we will now consider how Eddington should manage BA internal factors to implement the strategy. 3. What should be Eddingtons main concerns for the future? It seems that Bob Ayling often tried to reach many objectives, which were not completely compatible. For example, he could not at the same time improve the level of service and constantly reduce costs. Now that he is gone, his successor has to focus on his strategy and on a few objectives, so that he can reach all of them before defining new ones. That means he probably will have to define some priorities between all his targets. He will also have to make sure they really are well matched so that they do not cancel each other. Rod Eddington claims that he wants to concentrate on people in the front-line, and to work hard with each level of responsibility. He seems to be conscious that an airline is a very particular type of company, where quality of customer service is decisive. Let us see how he can work and which tools he can use to meet his objectives. 3.1- Increase the level of service thanks to structure and culture Improving quality of service means two things: employing an obliging staff and making new fitting-outs in aircrafts. To achieve a high level of service, BA can use two main tools: First of all, he can act on structure and organisation. BA could create for instance a marketing department, which could play two roles: studying clients satisfaction and dealing with complains; and searching far in amount the likings of the customers to offer them what they expect. Thus, they will feel they really are BAs priority. Then, company culture could also help reaching objectives. If managers constantly praised the idea of the client king, everyone and especially front-line employees will take as an evidence that clients must be treated as stars. BA could also set up training programs so that everyone has the skills to deal with customers: for instance languages trainings for front-line employees who have to be able to answer any question asked by a client, wherever he may come from. 3.2- Maintain and improve internal cohesion through a better communication As Human Resources represent a precious asset for a company providing services, and especially for airlines for which the prestation is barely differentiating, BAs managers have decided to focus on their staff. Therefore, they will have to enhance internal cohesion, thanks to structure. Indeed, an internal communication department could be created in order to update and communicate to everyone decisions taken by the CEO and the executive committee. Thus, employees would maybe understand more easily where the company is going and would certainly feel more concerned with the objectives. We can not reach objectives that we are not aware of. Then BAs managers could use their speeches as a means to reach their objectives. If they let know while officially speaking (annual report, to journalists or directly to staff during trainings periods for example) that staffs well-being is on top of agenda, and if they prove to be themselves coherent in doing exactly what they promise, then they will probably enter a new era of social relationships. 3.3- Go on improving rentability through organization and new values Since BA has to preserve its margins, it will have to go on saving money. But as one of Bob Aylings former co-worker explains, all the easy savings are already achieved at the beginning of the year 2000: it means that there are not many possibilities to cut purely costs any more. Thus, the challenge consists in finding new ways of saving money that would not injure service quality. Here again, structure can be used: a new service could be created, that would immediately adapt tickets prices to demand: if many seats have been sold for a flight, then prices should maybe increase. However, if a little part of available seats has been sold, then the prices should decrease until all seats are sold. Such an initiative would avoid half-empty flights, and would eventually lead to savings. Then a work could be done on internal culture: an economy-awareness could be implemented, encouraging everyone in the company to make savings. For instance, managers could show the example in booking middle-class hotels instead of four-stars ones when they have to travel. At last, BA could go on focusing on rentable activities, providing higher margins, as for instance North Routes and First Class flights. Conclusion British Airways needed a charismatic leader; Bob Ayling was just an economic manager. He overestimated the ability of his people to change the way they considered their company and their implication in its evolution. Although he had got indisputable skills to deal with external constraints and to anticipate the environment evolutions, he forgot to take in account the importance of internal factors, such as the firm history and what it involved. Rod Eddingtons first reaction as he came over was to express his respect and his will to make BAs employees happy. It is very likely that the new chief executive had drawn the lessons of his predecessors experience, and that he wanted to start from new bases. Maybe he is the right man for the job

Necessary and possible Essay Example for Free

Necessary and possible Essay Among the countless present that God endowed to men, the gift of life is the most superb of all. Everything around here on Earth is alive, and so it is our task to take good care of this grant. Reflecting on this idea, each of us must act in a way that propagates it, thus making a better world. And so the question stand still, how can we make a better world? Among the many individuals who has answers are Seyyed Hossein Nasr, he recommend two action steps first â€Å"the interiorization of ecological values† second â€Å"to reflect in what I write and what I say the significance of seeing nature as the domain of the sacred. † (1990). He refers on the importance of the environment in sustaining life, which is indeed true because we get all our needs from it in order to survive. Audrey Shenandoah also laid her answers. â€Å"It has to begin with every individual†, (1990). We should learn to give thanks on everything that we have as well as anything that are given to us. Being responsible to manage our life accordingly will result to better lives. On the other hand, Ronald Engel had another answer to the question, â€Å"making new covenant† (1990). We should exercise democracy n everything around us. Sallie Mcfague reply that â€Å"a basic metanoia, repentance, a turning around. Be submissive to Gods will is what she exemplified, furthermore He has plans for each life He create. Trusting and doing what pleases him is the central key in every aspect of our existence. Ismar Schorsch has his own response to the question. â€Å"It is necessary to have a little less self-indulgence. † (1990), we should not have inferiority towards our self for us to be able to move on and have a good living. The Dalai Lama views that, â€Å"We need a certain discipline, contentment, awareness and what I call a sense of responsibility. † (1990). While Rockefeller relates religion in his answer, â€Å"It is necessary and possible to develop ethic of sustainability that will be accepted by all the different religious traditions and by many different cultures of the world† (1990). As a whole, every creature are part of our nature, thus it should start from our self through serving as an example to others and this eventually will lead us to a better world.

Virtual Reality Applications and Universal Accessibility

Virtual Reality Applications and Universal Accessibility 1. Abstract The conception of Virtual Reality, a divinatory three-dimensional, computer-generated environs that allows a individual or multiple users to interact, pilot, react, and feel a compounded world modeled from the virtual world, has provided social, scientific, economic and technological change since its origin in the early 1960s. The environs do not necessarily need the same properties as the real world. Most of the present virtual reality environments are principally visual experiences, displayed either on a computer desktop or through peculiar or stereoscopic displays, but some pretences admit additional sensory information, such as sound through speakers or headphones. Virtual reality is a technology, which allows a user to interact with a computer-imitated environment, whether that environment is a feigning of the real world or an imaginary world. Virtual Reality brings the vision as close and realistic as reality itself. In present world virtual reality is useful in variety of fiel ds like Information Systems, Military, Medicine, Mathematics, Entertainment, Education, and Simulation Techniques. Most of the Virtual Reality systems allow the user to voyage through the virtual environs manipulate objects and experience the upshots. The supreme promise of virtual reality is universal accessibility for one and all. In this project, everyone will welfare people across all the fields. And the dispute is to develop a well-informed virtual reality systems with design and smart commonsense rule that are useful to people and those that provide great value and real meliorations to the quality of life. If this can be accomplished, tomorrows information society technology could be bidding greater exclusivity through atmosphere, intelligence and universal accessibility. 2. Background Virtual reality may obliterate into the main headlines only in the retiring few years, but its roots reach endorse four decades. The nation was shaking in the late 1950s because off palatable traces of McCarthyism and was agitating to the sounds of Elvis, that an idea arose and would change the way people interacted with computers and make possible VR. At the emerging time, computers were looming colossi locked in air-conditioned rooms and used only by those familiar in abstruse programming languages. More than glorified adding machines few people considered them. But a former naval radar technician named Douglas Engelbart young electrical engineer viewed them differently. Rather than limit computers to number crunching, Engelbart visualize them as tools for digital display. He knew from his past experiences with radar that any digital information could be viewed on a screen. He then reasoned and connects the computer to a screen and uses both of them to solve problems. At first, his ideas were disregarded, but by the early 1960s other people were also thinking the same way. Moreover, the time was right for his vision of computing. Communications technology was decussate with computing and graphics technology. At first computers based on transistors rather than vacuum tubes became avail. This synergy yielded more user-friendly com puters, which laid the fundament for personal computers, computer graphics, and later on, the emergence of virtual reality. Fear of nuclear attack motivated the U.S. military to depute a new radar system that would process large amount of information and immediately display it in a form that humans could promptly understand. The ensuing radar defense system was the first real time, or instantaneous, feigning of data. Aircraft designers began experimenting with ways for computers to graphically display, or model, air flow data. Computer experts began provide with new structure computers so they would display these models as well as compute them. The designers work covered with a firm surface the way for scientific visualization, an advanced form of computer modeling that expresses multiple sets of data as images and the technique of representing the realworld by a computerprogram. Massachusetts Institute of Technology The process of extracting certain active properties by steeping self-styled computer wizards strove to lessen the condition that makes it difficult to make progress to human interactions with the computer by replacing keyboards with capable of acting devices that have confidence on images and motion hands to emphasize or help to express a thought or feeling to manipulate data. The idea of virtual reality has came into existence since 1965, when Ivan Sutherland expressed his ideas of creating virtual or imaginary worlds. With three dimensional displays he conducted experiments at MIT. He outlined the images on the computer by developing the light pen in Ivan Sutherland in 1962. Sketchpad, is the Sutherlands first computer-aided design program, opened the way for designers to create blueprints of automobiles, cities, and industrial products with the aid of computers. The designs were operating in real time by the end of the decade. By 1970, Sutherland also produced an early stage of te chnical development, head-mounted display and Engelbart unveiled his crude pointing device for moving text around on a computer screen which is the first mouse. War games The flight simulator is one of the most influential antecedents of virtual reality. Following World War II and through the 1990s, to simulate flying airplanes (and later driving tanks and steering ships) the military and industrial complex pumped millions of dollars into technology. Before subjecting them to the hazards of flight it was safer, and cheaper, to train pilots on the ground. In earlier times flight simulators consisted of mock compartments where the pilot sits while flying the aircraft which built on motion platforms that pitched and rolled. However, they lacked visual feedback which is a limitation. When video displays were coupled with model cockpits this was changed. Computer-generated graphics had replaced videos and models by the 1970s.These flights are imitating the behavior of some situation which was operating in real time, though the graphics which belongs to an early stage of technical development. The head-mounted displays were experimented by military in 1979. These creation resulting from study and experimentation were driven by the greater dangers associated with training on and flying the jet fighters that were being built in the 1970s. Better software, hardware, and motion-control platforms enabled pilots to navigate through highly detailed virtual worlds in the early 1980s. Virtual video games, Movies and animation The entertainment industry for natural consumer was computer graphics, which, like the military and industry, as the source of many valuable spin-offs in virtual reality. Some of the Hollywood most dazzling special effects were computer generated in 1970s, such as the battle scenes in the big-budget, blockbuster science fiction movie Star Wars, which was released in 1976. Later movies as Terminator and Jurassic Park came in to scene, and .The video game business boomed in the early 1980s. The data glove is the one direct spin-off of entertainments venture into computer graphics, a computer interface device that detects hand movements. It was invented to produce music by linking hand movements to communicate familiar or prearranged signals to a music synthesizer. For this new computer input device for its experiments with virtual environments NASA Ames was one of the first customers. The Mattel Company was the biggest consumer of the data glove, which changed in order to improve it into the Power Glove, the spreading mitt with which children are put down by force adversaries in the popular Nintendo game. As pinball machines gave way to video games, the field of scientific visualization has the experience of its own striking change in appearance from bar charts and line drawings to dynamic images. For transforming columns of data into images, scientific visual perception uses computer graphics. This image of things or events enables scientists to take up mentally the enormous amount of data required in some scientific probes. Imagine trying to understand DNA sequences, molecular models, brain maps, fluid flows, or cosmic blowups from columns of numbers. A goal of scientific mental image that is similar to visual perception is to capture the dynamic qualities of systems or processes in its images. Borrowing and as well as creating many of the special effects techniques of Hollywood, scientific visual perception moved into animation in the 1980s. NCSAs award-winning animation of smog decreasing upon Los Angeles have the exert influence or effects on air pollution legislation in the state in 1990. This animation was a tending to persuade by forcefulness of argument and stamen of the value of this kind of imagery. Animation had severe limitations. At First, it was costly. After developing with richness of details computer simulations, the smog animation itself took 6 months to produce from the resulting data; individual frames took from several minutes to an hour. Second, it did not allow for capable of acting for changes in the data or conditions responsible for making and enforcing rules, an experiment that produce immediate responses in the imagery. If once the animation is completed it could not be altered. Interactivity would have remained aspirant thinking if not for the development of high-performance computers in the mid-1980s. These machines provided the speed and memory for programmers and scientists to begin developing advanced visualization software programs. Low-cost, high-resolution graphic workstations were linked to high-speed computers by the end of the 1980s, which made visualization technology more accessible. The basic elements of virtual reality had existed since 1980, but it took high-performance computers, with their powerful image translating capabilities, to make it work. To help scientists comprehend the vast amounts of data pouring out of their computers daily Demand was rising for visualization environments. Drivers for both computation and VR, high-performance computers no longer served as mere number derived from, but became exciting vehicles for systematic search and discovery. 3. Introduction to Virtual reality Virtual Reality is the computer generated stereoscopic environment. It gives capable of being treated as fact and contribution to interactive learning environments it combines attribute of accepting the facts of life with, manipulative reality like in simulation programs. Most of the Virtual Reality systems allow the user to voyage through the virtual environment manipulate objects and experience the outcome of an event. Virtual Reality brings the imagination as close and realistic as reality itself. This environment does not necessarily need the same properties as the real world. There can be different forces, gravity, magnetic fields etc in dissimilarity of things to the real solid objects. It is the technique of representing the real world by a computer program or imagined environment that can be experienced visually in the three dimensions of width, height, and depth. It implicates the use of advanced technologies, including computers and various multimedia peripherals, to produc e a simulated (i.e., virtual) environment that users became aware of through senses as comparable to real world objects and events. Virtual reality can be delivered using variety of systems. Devote fully to oneself into virtual world, manipulating things in that world and facing the important effects as like that in a real world, involves future development of devices and complex simulations programs. In virtual systems, movements in internet are simulated by shifting the optics in the field of vision in direct response to movement of certain body parts, such as the head or hand. Human-computer interaction is a discipline in showing worry with the design, act of ascertaining and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them. Many users have physical or relating to limitations at the same time to handle several different devices. Virtual reality is a new medium brought about by technological advances in which much experimentation is now taking place to find practical applications and more effective ways to communicate. A virtual world is everything that is included in a collection of a given medium. I may involve without any others being included but exist in the mind of its originator or be broadcast in such a way that it can be shared with others. The key elements in experiencing virtual reality or any reality for that matter are a virtual world, having intense mental effort with sensory feedback (responding to user input), and interactivity. In virtual reality the effect of entering the world begins with physical rather than mental, concentration. Because Immersion is a necessary component of virtual reality. Virtual reality is more closely consociated with the ability of the participant to move physically within the world. Telepresence, Augmented Reality, and Cyberspace are closely associated with virtual reality. The recipient can access the content by virtual world through the interface which can be associated with it. At the boundary between the self and the medium the participant interacts with the virtual world. For the study of good user interface design much effort has been put forth. For many media and virtual reality will require no less effort. 4. Applications of Virtual reality The Virtual Reality had shown its applicability in early 1990s and its exposure went beyond the expectations and it just started with some of the blocky images. Coming to the entertainment, the applications will involve in games, theatre experiences and many more. The application of the Virtual Reality come into the picture in Architectures where the virtual models of the buildings are created where the users can visualise the building and they can even walk into it. This may help to see the structure of the building even before the foundation is laid. in this way the clients or the user can checkout the whole building and even they can change the design if there are any alterations in the plan, this makes the planning and modifications very realistic and easy. This Virtual Reality is applicable even in medicine, information systems, military and many more. Further discussion will give a detailed explanation of all the applications. 4.1 Virtual Reality in information system: For generating the direct or the indirect view of the physical real world environment the Augmented Reality is used. In this the elements will be in mixed up way with two things and finally create a mixed reality. The two things are Virtual Computer and the Generated imagery. Let us consider an example of Sports Channel on the TV where the scores are the real time examples of the semantic context in the elements of the environments. The Advancement in the Augmented Reality (AR) the real world entities can be digitized and even the user can interact with the surrounding in the digital world itself. This can be achieved by adding computer vision and object recognition to the Augmented Reality (AR) technology. Through this technology the information related to the surrounding and different objects present in it can be obtained and that will be similar to the real world information. Here the information is retrieved in the form of information layer. In the present scenario the Augmented Reality (AR) research is been populated through the applications of the computer generated imagery. This application is replicating the real world where live video streams are been used. For the purpose of the Visualisation to the real world different displays are been used, they are Head Mounted Displays and Virtual Retinal Displays. Not only the displays but also the research also constructs the environment in a controlled way in which it replicates the real world. for this many number of sensors and actuators are used. The two definitions of the Augmented Reality (AR) that are widely accepted in present days are: The Augmented Reality (AR) is a combination of real and virtual and it is interactive in the real time i.e., real world and this is registered in 3D. This definition is given by Ronald Alums in 1997. Paul Milligram and Fumio Kishinev define Augmented Reality (AR) as A it is a continuous extent of the real world environment into a pure virtual or digital environment. Due to the development in the Augmented Reality (AR) the general public are also getting attracted to this and interest is been increased in it. Hardware: Coming to the Main Hardware components that are used in Augmented Reality (AR) are as follows: Display Tracking Input Devices Computer. Combination of powerful CPU Camera accelerometers GPS solid state compass Smart Phones. Displays: Augmented Reality (AR) uses different display techniques to visualize the real world entities Head Mounted Displays Handheld Displays Spatial Displays Head Mounted Displays: Head Mounted Display (HMD) is one the display techniques used for visualizing the both the physical entities as well as the virtual graphical objects and the main thing that is to be concentrated is that all the entities and the objects moist replicate the real world. The Head Mounted Display (HMD) work in two ways i.e., through optical se-through and video see-through. Here half-silver mirror technology is used for optical see-through technology. This half-silver mirror technology first considers the physical world to pass through the lens of the optical since and then the graphical overlay information is to reflect these physical entities in the virtual world i.e. visualizing the physical entices in the virtual world. For this sensing the Head Mounted Display (HMD) uses tracking which should have six degree of freedom sensors. The main usage of tracking is that it allows the physical information to be registered in the computer system where that information will used in the virtual worlds information. The experience that an used gets is very impressive and effective. The products of this Head Mounted Display (HMD) are Micro Vision Nomad, Sony Plastron, and I/O Displays. Handheld Displays: Handheld Augment Reality is also one of the displaying technique used for the visualizing the virtual entities from the physical world. Handheld Augment Reality is a small devices that is used for computing and it is so small that it will fit in the users hand. This Handheld Augment Reality uses video see-through techniques that helps to convert the physical entities or information into virtual information i.e., into graphical information. The different devices that are used in this are digital compasses and GPS in which six degree sensors are used. This at present emerged as Retool Kit for tracking. Spatial Displays: Instead of wearing or carrying the display such as head mounted displays with handheld devices; pertaining to Augmented Reality digital projectors are used to display graphical information through physical objects. The key difference in spatial augmented reality is that from the users of the system the display is separated. Because these displays are not assorted with each user, SAR graduated naturally up to groups of users, thus allowing for strong tendency collaboration between users. It has over traditional head mounted displays and handheld devices and several advantages. And for the user there is no such requirement to carry equipment or wear the display over their eyes. This makes spatial AR a good candidate to work together on a common project, as they can see each others faces. At the same time a system can be used by multiple people and there is no need for every individual to wear a head mounted display. In current head mounted displays and portable devices spatial AR does not suffer from the limited display resolution. To expand the display area a projector based display system can simply incorporate more projectors. Portable devices have a small window into the world for drawing, For an indoor setting a SAR system can display on any number of surfaces at once. The persistence nature of SAR makes this an ideal technology to support design, for the end users SAR supports both graphical visualisation and passive hep tic sensation. People are able to touch physical objects, which is the process that provides the passive hap tic sensation. Tracking: In modern world the set of reasons that support the reality systems use the following tracking technologies. Some of the tracking system is digital cameras, optical sensors, accelerometers, GPS, gyroscopes, solid state compasses, RFID, wireless sensors. All these technologies have different levels of exactness and accuracy. The most important in this system is to track the pose and position of the users head. Virtual Reality Tracking Systems In VR system tracking devices are intrinsic components. And these tracking devices communicate with the system processing unit and telling it the orientation of the users. In this system the user allows to move around within a physical world, and the trackers can detect where the user is moving his directions and speed. In VR systems there are various kinds of tracking systems in use, but very few thing are common in all the tracking systems, which can detect six degrees of freedom(6-DOF).These are nothing but the objects position with x, y and z coordinates in space. This includes the orientation of objects yaw, pitch, and roll. From the users point of view when u wear the HMD, the view changes as you look up, down, left and right. And also the position changes when you tilt your head or move your head forward or backward at an angle without changing the angle of your gaze. The trackers which are on the HMD will tell the CPU where you are looking and sends the right images to your HMD screens. All the virtual tracking system has a device that generates a signal, the sensor will detects the signal and the control unit will process the signal and transfer the information to CPU. Some tracking system required to attach the sensors components to the user. In such kind of system we have to place the signal emitters at fixed points in the surrounding environment. The signals which are sent from emitters to sensors can take many forms, which admit electromagnetic signals, acoustic signals, optical signals and mechanical signals. Each and every technology has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Electromagnetic tracking systems It measure magnetic fields to bring forth by running an electric current continuously through three coiled wires ordered in a perpendicular orientation with one another. Each coil becomes an electromagnet, and the systems sensors measure how the magnetic field affects the other coils. This measurement tells the direction to the system and also predilection of the emitter. An efficientelectromagnetictracking system is very reactive, with low levels of latent period. One disadvantage of this system is that anything that can yield a magnetic field can intervene in the signals sent to the sensors. Acoustic tracking systems Acoustic tracking system emit and sense ultrasonicsound wavesto ascertain the position and orientation of a target. Most of the tracking systems measure the time it takes for the ultrasonic sound to reach a sensor. Generally the sensors are fixed in the environment and the user wears the ultrasonic emitters. The system estimate the position and orientation of the target based on the time it took for the sound to reach the sensors. The rate of updates on a targets position is equally slow for Acoustic tracking systems which is the main disadvantages because Sound travels relatively slowly. The speed of sound through air can change depending on the temperature, humidity or barometric pressure in the environment which adversely affects the systems efficiency. Optical tracking devices The name itself indicates that it uselight to measure a targets position and orientation. The signal emitter in an optical tracking device typically consists of a set of infraredLEDs. The sensors which we use here are camerasthat can sense the emitted infrared light. The LEDs light up in continuous pulses. The cameras will record the pulsed signals and send information to the systems processing unit. The unit can then draw from specific cases for the data to determine the position and orientation of the target. Optical systems have a fast upload rate, which means it minimises the time taken by the specific block of data. The disadvantages are that the line of sight between a camera and an LED can be blurred, interfering with the tracking process. Ambient light or infrared radiation can also make a system less effective. Mechanical tracking systems Mechanical tracking rely on a physical connection between the fixed reference point and a target. The VR field in the BOOM display is a very common example of a mechanical tracking system. A BOOM display is an HMD mounted on the end of a mechanical arm that has two points of articulation. The system detects the position and starts orientation through the arm. In mechanical tracking systems the update rate is very high, but the only disadvantage is that they limit a users range of motion. 4.2 Virtual Reality in military simulations: VR technology extends a likely economically and efficient tool for military forces to improve deal with dynamic or potentially dangerous situations. In a late 1920s and 1930s,almost simulations in a military surroundings was the flight trainers established by the Link Company. At the time trainers expected like cut-off caskets climbed on a stand, and were expended to instruct instrument flying. The shadow inside the trainer cockpit, the realistic interpretations on the instrument panel, and the movement of the trainer on the pedestal mixed to develop a sensation similar to really flying on instruments at night. The associate trainers were very effective tools for their proposed purpose, instructing thousands of pilots the night flying skills they involved before and during World War II. To motivate outside the instrument flying domain, simulator architects involved a way to get a view of the beyond world. The initial example of a simulator with an beyond position seemed in the 1950s, when television and video cameras became in market. With this equipment, a video camera could be fled above a scale model of the packet around an airport, and the leading image was sent to a television monitor directed in front of the pilot in the simulator. His movement of the assure stick and limit produced corresponding movement of the camera over the terrain board. Now the pilot could experience visual resubmit both inside and outside the cockpit. In the transport aircraft simulators, the logical extension of the video camera/television monitor approach was to use multiple reminders to simulate the total field of notion from the airplane cockpit. Where the field of notation requires being only about 60 degrees and 180 degrees horizontally vertically. For fighter aircraft simulators, the field of view must be at least 180 degrees horizontally and vertically. For these applications, the simulator contains of a cockpit directed at the centre of a vaulted room, and the virtual images are projected onto the within surface of the dome. These cases of simulators have established to be very in force training cares by themselves, and the newest introduction is a project called SIMNET to electronically paired two or more simulators to produce a distributed simulation environment. [McCarty, 1993] Distributed simulations can be used not only for educating, but to improve and test new combat strategy and manoeuvre. A significant improvement in this area is an IEEE data protocol standard for distributed interactive simulations. This standard allows the distributed simulation to include not only aircraft, but also land-based vehicles and sh ips. Another recent development is the use of head- climbed displays (HMDs) to decrease the cost of wide field of perspective simulations. Group of technologies for military missions: Applying applications of virtual reality which are referred by military, the Military entropy enhancement in a active combat environment, it is imperative to provide the pilot or tank commander with as much of the demand information as possible while cutting the amount of disordering information. This aim contributed the Air Force to improve the head-up display (HUD) which optically merges important information like altitude, airspeed, and heading with a clear position through the advancing windscreen of a fighter aircraft. With the HUD, the pilot advancing has to look down at his instruments. When the HUD is paired with the aircrafts radar and other sensors, a synthetic image of an enemy aircraft can be exposed on the HUD to show the pilot where that aircraft is, even though the pilot may not be able to see the actual aircraft with his unaided eyes. This combination of real and virtual views of the outside world can be broad to night time procedures. Using an infrared camera mounted in the nose of the aircraft, an increased position of the terrain ahead of the aircraft can be designed on the HUD. The effect is for the pilot to have a daylight window through which he has both a real and an enhanced position of the night time terrain and sky. In some situations, the pilot may need to concentrate fully on the virtual entropy and completely omit the actual view. Work in this field has been started by Thomas Furness III and others at Wright Laboratories, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, and Ohio. This work, dubbed the Super Cockpit, demanded not only a virtual view of the beyond world, but also of the cockpit itself, where the pilot would select and manipulate virtual controls using some Applications of Virtual Reality. Automobiles based companies have used VR technology to build virtual paradigms of new vehicles, testing them real before developing a single physical part. Designers can make changes without having to scrap the entire model, as they often would with forcible ones. The growth process becomes more efficient and less expensive as a result. Smart weapons and remotely- piloted vehicles (RPVs): Many different types of views in combat operations, these are very risky and they turn even more dangerous if the combatant attempts to improve their performance. But there are two clear obvious reasons have driven the military to explore and employ set of technologies in their operations; to cut down vulnerability to risky and to increase stealth. So here peak instances of this principle are attacking weapons and performing reconnaissance. To execute either of these tasks well takes time, and this is the normal time when the combatant is exhibited to unfriendly attack. For this reasons â€Å"Smart weapons and remotely- piloted vehicles (RPVs) â€Å"were developed to deal this problems. Loosely smart weapons are autonomous, while others are remotely controlled after they are established. This grants the shooter and weapon controller to set up the weapon and immediately attempt cover, thus minifying this exposure to return fire. In the case of RPVs, the person who controls the vehicle not only has the advantage of being in a safer place, but the RPV can be made smaller than a vehicle that would carry a man, thus making it more difficult for the enemy to detect. 4.3 Virtual Reality in Medicine Virtual reality is being used today in many ways, one of the importa Virtual Reality Applications and Universal Accessibility Virtual Reality Applications and Universal Accessibility 1. Abstract The conception of Virtual Reality, a divinatory three-dimensional, computer-generated environs that allows a individual or multiple users to interact, pilot, react, and feel a compounded world modeled from the virtual world, has provided social, scientific, economic and technological change since its origin in the early 1960s. The environs do not necessarily need the same properties as the real world. Most of the present virtual reality environments are principally visual experiences, displayed either on a computer desktop or through peculiar or stereoscopic displays, but some pretences admit additional sensory information, such as sound through speakers or headphones. Virtual reality is a technology, which allows a user to interact with a computer-imitated environment, whether that environment is a feigning of the real world or an imaginary world. Virtual Reality brings the vision as close and realistic as reality itself. In present world virtual reality is useful in variety of fiel ds like Information Systems, Military, Medicine, Mathematics, Entertainment, Education, and Simulation Techniques. Most of the Virtual Reality systems allow the user to voyage through the virtual environs manipulate objects and experience the upshots. The supreme promise of virtual reality is universal accessibility for one and all. In this project, everyone will welfare people across all the fields. And the dispute is to develop a well-informed virtual reality systems with design and smart commonsense rule that are useful to people and those that provide great value and real meliorations to the quality of life. If this can be accomplished, tomorrows information society technology could be bidding greater exclusivity through atmosphere, intelligence and universal accessibility. 2. Background Virtual reality may obliterate into the main headlines only in the retiring few years, but its roots reach endorse four decades. The nation was shaking in the late 1950s because off palatable traces of McCarthyism and was agitating to the sounds of Elvis, that an idea arose and would change the way people interacted with computers and make possible VR. At the emerging time, computers were looming colossi locked in air-conditioned rooms and used only by those familiar in abstruse programming languages. More than glorified adding machines few people considered them. But a former naval radar technician named Douglas Engelbart young electrical engineer viewed them differently. Rather than limit computers to number crunching, Engelbart visualize them as tools for digital display. He knew from his past experiences with radar that any digital information could be viewed on a screen. He then reasoned and connects the computer to a screen and uses both of them to solve problems. At first, his ideas were disregarded, but by the early 1960s other people were also thinking the same way. Moreover, the time was right for his vision of computing. Communications technology was decussate with computing and graphics technology. At first computers based on transistors rather than vacuum tubes became avail. This synergy yielded more user-friendly com puters, which laid the fundament for personal computers, computer graphics, and later on, the emergence of virtual reality. Fear of nuclear attack motivated the U.S. military to depute a new radar system that would process large amount of information and immediately display it in a form that humans could promptly understand. The ensuing radar defense system was the first real time, or instantaneous, feigning of data. Aircraft designers began experimenting with ways for computers to graphically display, or model, air flow data. Computer experts began provide with new structure computers so they would display these models as well as compute them. The designers work covered with a firm surface the way for scientific visualization, an advanced form of computer modeling that expresses multiple sets of data as images and the technique of representing the realworld by a computerprogram. Massachusetts Institute of Technology The process of extracting certain active properties by steeping self-styled computer wizards strove to lessen the condition that makes it difficult to make progress to human interactions with the computer by replacing keyboards with capable of acting devices that have confidence on images and motion hands to emphasize or help to express a thought or feeling to manipulate data. The idea of virtual reality has came into existence since 1965, when Ivan Sutherland expressed his ideas of creating virtual or imaginary worlds. With three dimensional displays he conducted experiments at MIT. He outlined the images on the computer by developing the light pen in Ivan Sutherland in 1962. Sketchpad, is the Sutherlands first computer-aided design program, opened the way for designers to create blueprints of automobiles, cities, and industrial products with the aid of computers. The designs were operating in real time by the end of the decade. By 1970, Sutherland also produced an early stage of te chnical development, head-mounted display and Engelbart unveiled his crude pointing device for moving text around on a computer screen which is the first mouse. War games The flight simulator is one of the most influential antecedents of virtual reality. Following World War II and through the 1990s, to simulate flying airplanes (and later driving tanks and steering ships) the military and industrial complex pumped millions of dollars into technology. Before subjecting them to the hazards of flight it was safer, and cheaper, to train pilots on the ground. In earlier times flight simulators consisted of mock compartments where the pilot sits while flying the aircraft which built on motion platforms that pitched and rolled. However, they lacked visual feedback which is a limitation. When video displays were coupled with model cockpits this was changed. Computer-generated graphics had replaced videos and models by the 1970s.These flights are imitating the behavior of some situation which was operating in real time, though the graphics which belongs to an early stage of technical development. The head-mounted displays were experimented by military in 1979. These creation resulting from study and experimentation were driven by the greater dangers associated with training on and flying the jet fighters that were being built in the 1970s. Better software, hardware, and motion-control platforms enabled pilots to navigate through highly detailed virtual worlds in the early 1980s. Virtual video games, Movies and animation The entertainment industry for natural consumer was computer graphics, which, like the military and industry, as the source of many valuable spin-offs in virtual reality. Some of the Hollywood most dazzling special effects were computer generated in 1970s, such as the battle scenes in the big-budget, blockbuster science fiction movie Star Wars, which was released in 1976. Later movies as Terminator and Jurassic Park came in to scene, and .The video game business boomed in the early 1980s. The data glove is the one direct spin-off of entertainments venture into computer graphics, a computer interface device that detects hand movements. It was invented to produce music by linking hand movements to communicate familiar or prearranged signals to a music synthesizer. For this new computer input device for its experiments with virtual environments NASA Ames was one of the first customers. The Mattel Company was the biggest consumer of the data glove, which changed in order to improve it into the Power Glove, the spreading mitt with which children are put down by force adversaries in the popular Nintendo game. As pinball machines gave way to video games, the field of scientific visualization has the experience of its own striking change in appearance from bar charts and line drawings to dynamic images. For transforming columns of data into images, scientific visual perception uses computer graphics. This image of things or events enables scientists to take up mentally the enormous amount of data required in some scientific probes. Imagine trying to understand DNA sequences, molecular models, brain maps, fluid flows, or cosmic blowups from columns of numbers. A goal of scientific mental image that is similar to visual perception is to capture the dynamic qualities of systems or processes in its images. Borrowing and as well as creating many of the special effects techniques of Hollywood, scientific visual perception moved into animation in the 1980s. NCSAs award-winning animation of smog decreasing upon Los Angeles have the exert influence or effects on air pollution legislation in the state in 1990. This animation was a tending to persuade by forcefulness of argument and stamen of the value of this kind of imagery. Animation had severe limitations. At First, it was costly. After developing with richness of details computer simulations, the smog animation itself took 6 months to produce from the resulting data; individual frames took from several minutes to an hour. Second, it did not allow for capable of acting for changes in the data or conditions responsible for making and enforcing rules, an experiment that produce immediate responses in the imagery. If once the animation is completed it could not be altered. Interactivity would have remained aspirant thinking if not for the development of high-performance computers in the mid-1980s. These machines provided the speed and memory for programmers and scientists to begin developing advanced visualization software programs. Low-cost, high-resolution graphic workstations were linked to high-speed computers by the end of the 1980s, which made visualization technology more accessible. The basic elements of virtual reality had existed since 1980, but it took high-performance computers, with their powerful image translating capabilities, to make it work. To help scientists comprehend the vast amounts of data pouring out of their computers daily Demand was rising for visualization environments. Drivers for both computation and VR, high-performance computers no longer served as mere number derived from, but became exciting vehicles for systematic search and discovery. 3. Introduction to Virtual reality Virtual Reality is the computer generated stereoscopic environment. It gives capable of being treated as fact and contribution to interactive learning environments it combines attribute of accepting the facts of life with, manipulative reality like in simulation programs. Most of the Virtual Reality systems allow the user to voyage through the virtual environment manipulate objects and experience the outcome of an event. Virtual Reality brings the imagination as close and realistic as reality itself. This environment does not necessarily need the same properties as the real world. There can be different forces, gravity, magnetic fields etc in dissimilarity of things to the real solid objects. It is the technique of representing the real world by a computer program or imagined environment that can be experienced visually in the three dimensions of width, height, and depth. It implicates the use of advanced technologies, including computers and various multimedia peripherals, to produc e a simulated (i.e., virtual) environment that users became aware of through senses as comparable to real world objects and events. Virtual reality can be delivered using variety of systems. Devote fully to oneself into virtual world, manipulating things in that world and facing the important effects as like that in a real world, involves future development of devices and complex simulations programs. In virtual systems, movements in internet are simulated by shifting the optics in the field of vision in direct response to movement of certain body parts, such as the head or hand. Human-computer interaction is a discipline in showing worry with the design, act of ascertaining and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them. Many users have physical or relating to limitations at the same time to handle several different devices. Virtual reality is a new medium brought about by technological advances in which much experimentation is now taking place to find practical applications and more effective ways to communicate. A virtual world is everything that is included in a collection of a given medium. I may involve without any others being included but exist in the mind of its originator or be broadcast in such a way that it can be shared with others. The key elements in experiencing virtual reality or any reality for that matter are a virtual world, having intense mental effort with sensory feedback (responding to user input), and interactivity. In virtual reality the effect of entering the world begins with physical rather than mental, concentration. Because Immersion is a necessary component of virtual reality. Virtual reality is more closely consociated with the ability of the participant to move physically within the world. Telepresence, Augmented Reality, and Cyberspace are closely associated with virtual reality. The recipient can access the content by virtual world through the interface which can be associated with it. At the boundary between the self and the medium the participant interacts with the virtual world. For the study of good user interface design much effort has been put forth. For many media and virtual reality will require no less effort. 4. Applications of Virtual reality The Virtual Reality had shown its applicability in early 1990s and its exposure went beyond the expectations and it just started with some of the blocky images. Coming to the entertainment, the applications will involve in games, theatre experiences and many more. The application of the Virtual Reality come into the picture in Architectures where the virtual models of the buildings are created where the users can visualise the building and they can even walk into it. This may help to see the structure of the building even before the foundation is laid. in this way the clients or the user can checkout the whole building and even they can change the design if there are any alterations in the plan, this makes the planning and modifications very realistic and easy. This Virtual Reality is applicable even in medicine, information systems, military and many more. Further discussion will give a detailed explanation of all the applications. 4.1 Virtual Reality in information system: For generating the direct or the indirect view of the physical real world environment the Augmented Reality is used. In this the elements will be in mixed up way with two things and finally create a mixed reality. The two things are Virtual Computer and the Generated imagery. Let us consider an example of Sports Channel on the TV where the scores are the real time examples of the semantic context in the elements of the environments. The Advancement in the Augmented Reality (AR) the real world entities can be digitized and even the user can interact with the surrounding in the digital world itself. This can be achieved by adding computer vision and object recognition to the Augmented Reality (AR) technology. Through this technology the information related to the surrounding and different objects present in it can be obtained and that will be similar to the real world information. Here the information is retrieved in the form of information layer. In the present scenario the Augmented Reality (AR) research is been populated through the applications of the computer generated imagery. This application is replicating the real world where live video streams are been used. For the purpose of the Visualisation to the real world different displays are been used, they are Head Mounted Displays and Virtual Retinal Displays. Not only the displays but also the research also constructs the environment in a controlled way in which it replicates the real world. for this many number of sensors and actuators are used. The two definitions of the Augmented Reality (AR) that are widely accepted in present days are: The Augmented Reality (AR) is a combination of real and virtual and it is interactive in the real time i.e., real world and this is registered in 3D. This definition is given by Ronald Alums in 1997. Paul Milligram and Fumio Kishinev define Augmented Reality (AR) as A it is a continuous extent of the real world environment into a pure virtual or digital environment. Due to the development in the Augmented Reality (AR) the general public are also getting attracted to this and interest is been increased in it. Hardware: Coming to the Main Hardware components that are used in Augmented Reality (AR) are as follows: Display Tracking Input Devices Computer. Combination of powerful CPU Camera accelerometers GPS solid state compass Smart Phones. Displays: Augmented Reality (AR) uses different display techniques to visualize the real world entities Head Mounted Displays Handheld Displays Spatial Displays Head Mounted Displays: Head Mounted Display (HMD) is one the display techniques used for visualizing the both the physical entities as well as the virtual graphical objects and the main thing that is to be concentrated is that all the entities and the objects moist replicate the real world. The Head Mounted Display (HMD) work in two ways i.e., through optical se-through and video see-through. Here half-silver mirror technology is used for optical see-through technology. This half-silver mirror technology first considers the physical world to pass through the lens of the optical since and then the graphical overlay information is to reflect these physical entities in the virtual world i.e. visualizing the physical entices in the virtual world. For this sensing the Head Mounted Display (HMD) uses tracking which should have six degree of freedom sensors. The main usage of tracking is that it allows the physical information to be registered in the computer system where that information will used in the virtual worlds information. The experience that an used gets is very impressive and effective. The products of this Head Mounted Display (HMD) are Micro Vision Nomad, Sony Plastron, and I/O Displays. Handheld Displays: Handheld Augment Reality is also one of the displaying technique used for the visualizing the virtual entities from the physical world. Handheld Augment Reality is a small devices that is used for computing and it is so small that it will fit in the users hand. This Handheld Augment Reality uses video see-through techniques that helps to convert the physical entities or information into virtual information i.e., into graphical information. The different devices that are used in this are digital compasses and GPS in which six degree sensors are used. This at present emerged as Retool Kit for tracking. Spatial Displays: Instead of wearing or carrying the display such as head mounted displays with handheld devices; pertaining to Augmented Reality digital projectors are used to display graphical information through physical objects. The key difference in spatial augmented reality is that from the users of the system the display is separated. Because these displays are not assorted with each user, SAR graduated naturally up to groups of users, thus allowing for strong tendency collaboration between users. It has over traditional head mounted displays and handheld devices and several advantages. And for the user there is no such requirement to carry equipment or wear the display over their eyes. This makes spatial AR a good candidate to work together on a common project, as they can see each others faces. At the same time a system can be used by multiple people and there is no need for every individual to wear a head mounted display. In current head mounted displays and portable devices spatial AR does not suffer from the limited display resolution. To expand the display area a projector based display system can simply incorporate more projectors. Portable devices have a small window into the world for drawing, For an indoor setting a SAR system can display on any number of surfaces at once. The persistence nature of SAR makes this an ideal technology to support design, for the end users SAR supports both graphical visualisation and passive hep tic sensation. People are able to touch physical objects, which is the process that provides the passive hap tic sensation. Tracking: In modern world the set of reasons that support the reality systems use the following tracking technologies. Some of the tracking system is digital cameras, optical sensors, accelerometers, GPS, gyroscopes, solid state compasses, RFID, wireless sensors. All these technologies have different levels of exactness and accuracy. The most important in this system is to track the pose and position of the users head. Virtual Reality Tracking Systems In VR system tracking devices are intrinsic components. And these tracking devices communicate with the system processing unit and telling it the orientation of the users. In this system the user allows to move around within a physical world, and the trackers can detect where the user is moving his directions and speed. In VR systems there are various kinds of tracking systems in use, but very few thing are common in all the tracking systems, which can detect six degrees of freedom(6-DOF).These are nothing but the objects position with x, y and z coordinates in space. This includes the orientation of objects yaw, pitch, and roll. From the users point of view when u wear the HMD, the view changes as you look up, down, left and right. And also the position changes when you tilt your head or move your head forward or backward at an angle without changing the angle of your gaze. The trackers which are on the HMD will tell the CPU where you are looking and sends the right images to your HMD screens. All the virtual tracking system has a device that generates a signal, the sensor will detects the signal and the control unit will process the signal and transfer the information to CPU. Some tracking system required to attach the sensors components to the user. In such kind of system we have to place the signal emitters at fixed points in the surrounding environment. The signals which are sent from emitters to sensors can take many forms, which admit electromagnetic signals, acoustic signals, optical signals and mechanical signals. Each and every technology has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Electromagnetic tracking systems It measure magnetic fields to bring forth by running an electric current continuously through three coiled wires ordered in a perpendicular orientation with one another. Each coil becomes an electromagnet, and the systems sensors measure how the magnetic field affects the other coils. This measurement tells the direction to the system and also predilection of the emitter. An efficientelectromagnetictracking system is very reactive, with low levels of latent period. One disadvantage of this system is that anything that can yield a magnetic field can intervene in the signals sent to the sensors. Acoustic tracking systems Acoustic tracking system emit and sense ultrasonicsound wavesto ascertain the position and orientation of a target. Most of the tracking systems measure the time it takes for the ultrasonic sound to reach a sensor. Generally the sensors are fixed in the environment and the user wears the ultrasonic emitters. The system estimate the position and orientation of the target based on the time it took for the sound to reach the sensors. The rate of updates on a targets position is equally slow for Acoustic tracking systems which is the main disadvantages because Sound travels relatively slowly. The speed of sound through air can change depending on the temperature, humidity or barometric pressure in the environment which adversely affects the systems efficiency. Optical tracking devices The name itself indicates that it uselight to measure a targets position and orientation. The signal emitter in an optical tracking device typically consists of a set of infraredLEDs. The sensors which we use here are camerasthat can sense the emitted infrared light. The LEDs light up in continuous pulses. The cameras will record the pulsed signals and send information to the systems processing unit. The unit can then draw from specific cases for the data to determine the position and orientation of the target. Optical systems have a fast upload rate, which means it minimises the time taken by the specific block of data. The disadvantages are that the line of sight between a camera and an LED can be blurred, interfering with the tracking process. Ambient light or infrared radiation can also make a system less effective. Mechanical tracking systems Mechanical tracking rely on a physical connection between the fixed reference point and a target. The VR field in the BOOM display is a very common example of a mechanical tracking system. A BOOM display is an HMD mounted on the end of a mechanical arm that has two points of articulation. The system detects the position and starts orientation through the arm. In mechanical tracking systems the update rate is very high, but the only disadvantage is that they limit a users range of motion. 4.2 Virtual Reality in military simulations: VR technology extends a likely economically and efficient tool for military forces to improve deal with dynamic or potentially dangerous situations. In a late 1920s and 1930s,almost simulations in a military surroundings was the flight trainers established by the Link Company. At the time trainers expected like cut-off caskets climbed on a stand, and were expended to instruct instrument flying. The shadow inside the trainer cockpit, the realistic interpretations on the instrument panel, and the movement of the trainer on the pedestal mixed to develop a sensation similar to really flying on instruments at night. The associate trainers were very effective tools for their proposed purpose, instructing thousands of pilots the night flying skills they involved before and during World War II. To motivate outside the instrument flying domain, simulator architects involved a way to get a view of the beyond world. The initial example of a simulator with an beyond position seemed in the 1950s, when television and video cameras became in market. With this equipment, a video camera could be fled above a scale model of the packet around an airport, and the leading image was sent to a television monitor directed in front of the pilot in the simulator. His movement of the assure stick and limit produced corresponding movement of the camera over the terrain board. Now the pilot could experience visual resubmit both inside and outside the cockpit. In the transport aircraft simulators, the logical extension of the video camera/television monitor approach was to use multiple reminders to simulate the total field of notion from the airplane cockpit. Where the field of notation requires being only about 60 degrees and 180 degrees horizontally vertically. For fighter aircraft simulators, the field of view must be at least 180 degrees horizontally and vertically. For these applications, the simulator contains of a cockpit directed at the centre of a vaulted room, and the virtual images are projected onto the within surface of the dome. These cases of simulators have established to be very in force training cares by themselves, and the newest introduction is a project called SIMNET to electronically paired two or more simulators to produce a distributed simulation environment. [McCarty, 1993] Distributed simulations can be used not only for educating, but to improve and test new combat strategy and manoeuvre. A significant improvement in this area is an IEEE data protocol standard for distributed interactive simulations. This standard allows the distributed simulation to include not only aircraft, but also land-based vehicles and sh ips. Another recent development is the use of head- climbed displays (HMDs) to decrease the cost of wide field of perspective simulations. Group of technologies for military missions: Applying applications of virtual reality which are referred by military, the Military entropy enhancement in a active combat environment, it is imperative to provide the pilot or tank commander with as much of the demand information as possible while cutting the amount of disordering information. This aim contributed the Air Force to improve the head-up display (HUD) which optically merges important information like altitude, airspeed, and heading with a clear position through the advancing windscreen of a fighter aircraft. With the HUD, the pilot advancing has to look down at his instruments. When the HUD is paired with the aircrafts radar and other sensors, a synthetic image of an enemy aircraft can be exposed on the HUD to show the pilot where that aircraft is, even though the pilot may not be able to see the actual aircraft with his unaided eyes. This combination of real and virtual views of the outside world can be broad to night time procedures. Using an infrared camera mounted in the nose of the aircraft, an increased position of the terrain ahead of the aircraft can be designed on the HUD. The effect is for the pilot to have a daylight window through which he has both a real and an enhanced position of the night time terrain and sky. In some situations, the pilot may need to concentrate fully on the virtual entropy and completely omit the actual view. Work in this field has been started by Thomas Furness III and others at Wright Laboratories, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, and Ohio. This work, dubbed the Super Cockpit, demanded not only a virtual view of the beyond world, but also of the cockpit itself, where the pilot would select and manipulate virtual controls using some Applications of Virtual Reality. Automobiles based companies have used VR technology to build virtual paradigms of new vehicles, testing them real before developing a single physical part. Designers can make changes without having to scrap the entire model, as they often would with forcible ones. The growth process becomes more efficient and less expensive as a result. Smart weapons and remotely- piloted vehicles (RPVs): Many different types of views in combat operations, these are very risky and they turn even more dangerous if the combatant attempts to improve their performance. But there are two clear obvious reasons have driven the military to explore and employ set of technologies in their operations; to cut down vulnerability to risky and to increase stealth. So here peak instances of this principle are attacking weapons and performing reconnaissance. To execute either of these tasks well takes time, and this is the normal time when the combatant is exhibited to unfriendly attack. For this reasons â€Å"Smart weapons and remotely- piloted vehicles (RPVs) â€Å"were developed to deal this problems. Loosely smart weapons are autonomous, while others are remotely controlled after they are established. This grants the shooter and weapon controller to set up the weapon and immediately attempt cover, thus minifying this exposure to return fire. In the case of RPVs, the person who controls the vehicle not only has the advantage of being in a safer place, but the RPV can be made smaller than a vehicle that would carry a man, thus making it more difficult for the enemy to detect. 4.3 Virtual Reality in Medicine Virtual reality is being used today in many ways, one of the importa